Rochelle Kopp, Ohono Kazumoto「英語の品格」ﾒﾓ
Rochelle Kopp, Ohono Kazumoto「英語の品格」メモ
第1章 日本人英語の非常識
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ネイティブが聞いてビックリする表現
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1. Please get well.
2. Please take off your shoes.
3. We cannot do it now.
4. I disagree with you.
5. I really don't want to have a misunderstanding.
6. You must do this by tomorrow.
7. You made a mistake.
8. Why did you come here?
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please をつけると常に丁寧な言い方になるのか？
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・No.1は、「早く仕事に戻ってよ！」という圧迫感のある命令口調に感じられてしまう。
・「早く回復してほしい」という気持ちを伝えるには以下とする。
I hope you feel beter soon.・No.2も不躾に聞こえるため、以下が丁寧な表現。
I would appreciate it if you would take off your shoes.
Would you mind taking off your shoes?
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英語は日本語よりもストレートな言語である、という誤解
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状況1：「できない」「したくない」ことを伝える・ネイティブはストレートな表現を使わず、丁寧な表現で断る。
× We cannnot do it now.
× I do not want to do it now.
↓
例文1. I would rather not do it now, maybe later.
2. I'm sorry but it is not possible given my schedule
3. I'm afraid that we cannot accept your offer at this time.
4. Unfortunately, it would be too difficult to make it happen.
5. We don't think that it's feasible.
6. It doesn't seem possible to do with our current resources.
7. It requires more expertise than we possess.
8. We need to take a pass on this one.
9. That's a tall order, more than we can handle.
10. "That's going to be a tough sell in my organization.
I'm sorry, but I just don't think it's possible."状況２：賛成できないことを伝える
・相手の意見に賛成できない場合もストレートトな表現は使わない。
× I disagree with you.
↓
例文1. I have a different opinion.
2. I have a different view about this.
3. I have a different point of view.
4. I'm thinking of it in another way.
5. "I'm not sure that's the best approach.
Let's discuss it some more."
6. I have some concerns about that approach.
7. I think we need to give it some further thought.
8. I might have some trouble supporting that.
状況３：断る場合・noやnotは非常に強い拒絶の言葉
× I really don't want to have a misunderstanding.
↓
例文1. The last thing I want to do is to have a misunderstanding.
2. Let's be sure to avoid any musunderstandings.
3. I wouldn't do that.
4. I would do it differently.
状況４：「・・・する必要がある」「・・・するべき」・had betterやmsutは「絶対にしなければならない」という脅迫的な響きがあり、大人同士ではほとんど使わない。
・単語の強さ
must > have to > had better > should > need to
・他人に対しては need to が適切。
（自分の意志を示す場合は使用可）
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例文1. You need to do this by tomorrow.
2. I should hurry.
3. I have to do my homework tonight.
状況５：レストランでおかわりを頼む場合・needを使うと催促がましく聞こえる。
× I need more coffee.
↓
例文1. I would like some more coffee, please.
2. May I have a refill?
3. When you have a chance, I'd like some more coffee.
4. Could you freshen up my cup?
状況６：誰かの家に招かれた際、コーヒーのおかわりをお願いする場合
例文1. I wouldn't mind a little more coffee.
2. Do you have any more coffee?
3. I would like a cafe latte and this cake.
状況７：youを主題にして相手を批判すると個人攻撃になる× You made a mistake.
例文1. You are doing a terrible job.
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I am concerned about the quality of you work.
2. You are annoying me.
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I am feeling annoyed.
3. You made a mistake.
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I found a mistake.
I found what seems to be a mistake.
4. You'ren not telling me waht's going on.
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I feel left out.
5. You're ignoring me.
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I feel ignored.
6. You are always late.
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I feel stressed when you are late.
7. You don't help me enough.
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I feel like I need more support from you.
8. You are too loud.
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It makes me uncomfortable when you speak loudly.
状況８：whyを使って理由を聞くと非難がましい・whyには「なんでそんなことをしたの？」というニュアンスがある。
例文1. Why do you say that?
↓
What makes you say that?
2. Why did you come here?
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What brought you here?
3. Why did it happen?
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How did it happen?
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様々な依頼の仕方
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・please・・・は、ひとつ間違えると命令口調に聞こえる。
・以下の表現は、言われた側が拒否できない雰囲気が醸し出され、圧迫感があり命令的なニュアンスになる。× Please make a copy of this.
× Please be quiet!
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例文1. Could you possibly plan to get here before 3pm?
2. Whould you be able to stop by our office when you are in Tokyo next?
3. Could I trouble you to take this to the psot office for me?
4. Would it be possible to meet you while we are in New York?
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policyを使いさりげなく依頼・命令を行う
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・相手に失礼がないように頼む場合、policyという単語が便利。
・これを使うと、相手は個人的な話ととらえない。
・相手だけでなく、すべての人に平等にお願いしているという意味になる。
例文1. It's our policy that all guests must rmove their shoes when entering the tmeple.
2. It's our house rule we ask everyoneto take off their shoes.
3. Wearing shoes is not allowed in the temple.
4. Removing your shoes is ruquired when entering the temple.
5. Everyone leaves their shoes here when they enter the temple.
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Would [Do] you mind if ...? を使って許可をもらう
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・ネイティブは「May I ...?」はあまり使わない。
例文1. Would it be alright if I took a bottle of Coke?
2. I would like to take a bottle of Coke. Would that be alright?
3. Would you mind if I took a bottle of Coke?
4. Would it be any problem if I took a bottle of Coke?
5. Do you mind if I take a bottle of Coke?
・would を使う場合、仮定法過去の用法なので、if以下が過去形になる。
・do の場合は現在形になる。
・Mind if ...?を使う場合、「どうぞ」と言いたいときは否定形で答える。
Not at all.
No, go ahead.
・そのほかの表現
○ Mind if I smoke here?
× It's no problem for me to smoke here, is it?
・Mind if I smoke here?と聞かれ、タバコを吸ってほしくないとき
例文6. I would appriciate it if you didn't.
7. Actually, I do mind. I'm allergic to cigarette smoke.
8. Actually, smokin is not allowed in this building.
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無理なお願いをする方法
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例文1. Is there any possibility that we could switch our meeting to Tuesday?
2. Is there any way that I could have tomatoes instead of cheese?
3. Would it be possible to have tomatoes instead of cheese?
4. Would you be able to give me tomatoes instead of cheese?
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できなことを伝えたい場合のコツ
ー「ハンバーガーの公式」
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・英語では言葉をにごしたり、曖昧な言い方はしない。
・英語で大切なことは、丁寧さと分かりやすさのバランス。
・失礼がないよう相手に配慮した婉曲的表現を使いながら、誤解がないようはっきり伝える必要がある。
・バランスをとるコツは「ハンバーガー」のような表現を使うこと。
・ハンバーガーの具：肝心な言いたいこと
バン ：それを挟むソフトな表現
ケチャップや野菜：I'm afraid that ...,
Unfortunatley,
I'm sorry to have to thell you
・無理な提案が入り、断る場合。
「That would be rather difficult.」では明確に断ったことにならない。
「We can't do it.」ではストレートすぎて失礼。○バン
・最初のポジティブなことを言い、ソフトなニュアンスにする。
例文1. Thank you for giving us this interesting proposal.
2. We appriciate your proposal.
3. Thank you for sharing this proposal with us.
○調味料
例文1. It's too bad, but ...
2. It's shame, but ...
3. Unfortunately, ...
4. I wish I din't have to tell you this, but ...
5. I'm afraid that ...
6. I'm sorry to have to tell you, ...
○ミート・パティ
・ここでは、否定的内容をはっきり伝える。
例文1. We are going to have to miss this opportunity.
2. This isn't something that we are able to do.
3. We aren't going to be able to pursue this.
○レタスとトマト
・この段階では、否定的な回答の理由を説明する。
・論理的に、正直に説明する。
例文1. ... because we don't have enough budget.
2. ... because it doesn't fit in with our strategy.
3. ... because we are focused on other priorities.
○バン
・最後に、もう一度やわらかいバンをのせ、良い雰囲気で終わる。
例文1. We look forward to getting other proposals from you in the future.
2. Even though things didn't work out this time, please let us know if you have any other interesting proposals.
3. We look forward to continuing our good relationship with your firm.
4. Thank you for giving us this interesting proposal. Unfortunatley, we are going to have to miss this opportunity because it doesn't fit in with our strategy. We look forward to continuing our good relationship with your firm.
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賛成できない場合
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・相手の提案や意見に賛成できないとき、以下のストレート表現はNG。× I disagree with you.
× I can't agree.
× That won't work.・次のように言うと角が立たない。
例文1. I anticipate some difficulties implementing that approach in our organization.
2. I'm not sure that I can convince my colleagues to get behind this.
3. This might be a tough sell to Japanese coustomers.
4. I anticipate some push-back if I suggest this in my company.・これ以上議論しても仕方がないとき、「Let's agree to disagree.」と前置きして、次にように言う。
例文6. Let's table this topic for the time being.
7. Let's revisit this topic another time.
8. I'd like to come back to this topic later and discuss it more the.
9. I don't think we can reach agreement on this right now. So let's set a time to talk about it again later.
10. It's clear that we have different ideas about this. Let's both think about it more and meet again to explore it further.
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同感の意を伝えたいとき
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・「まったく同感です」と賛成や指示の意を示す場合。
・ストレートに「I agree with you.」でも失礼にあたらないが、以下とすると品格が上がる。例文1. I can't agree with you more.
（「これ以上同意できないほど同意している」→「まったく同感」の意）
2. I definitely agree with you.
3. I agree with you wholeheartedly.
4. I'm in 100% agreement.
5. I agree with you completely.
6. My thoughts exactly.
7. We are on the same page.
8. I share your opinion.
9. I second that.
・相手の意見を求めるとき。例文1. What do you think about this?
2. What is your take on this?
3. I'd like to hear your opinion about this.
4. Please share your thoughts on this.
5. Your input on this would be much appreciated.
6. I welcome your commnets about this.
7. I invite your comments about this.
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アメリカ社会の構造を知る必要性
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・アメリカは横社会、日本は縦社会。
・日本 ：相手が自分より上か下かで適切な敬語が変わる。
・アメリカ：みんなが平等。相手の身分や地位にかかわらず丁寧な表現を使うべき。
・英語の婉曲表現は日本語の曖昧な表現とは異なる。
・英語の婉曲表現は、言いたいことははっきり言いつつ、それをやわらかい「バン」で包んでソフトな響きにする。
・アメリカ人は日本人が考える以上に言葉に敏感。
・自己主張と何でもストレートに表現することを混同してはいけない。
